Geography Coursework †Methodology †Centre Of Leeds’ CBD Free Essays

For my topography venture I visited Leeds to attempt to locate the monetary focus of the CBD of Leeds. I expected to gather land use information as this would assist me with exploring the first of my speculations which is the closer to the focal point of the CBD, the taller the structures as I included the statures of structures in my general vicinity on the geology field trip and with the gatherings information of the structure tallness of the entire CBD. Additionally I would have expected to consider the person on foot stream this would assist me with examining the second of my theories which is there will be a higher volume of walkers closer the focal point of the CBD . We will compose a custom article test on Topography Coursework †Methodology †Center Of Leeds’ CBD or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The information assortment region was close to the focal point of Leeds CBD as I gathered my information around Briggate as the edge of the Leeds CBD is close to the tall places of business. a guide to show the structures that our gathering had included in our square B2 and shows numbered square The two bits of individual information that I gathered was: 1. traffic check 2. Natural quality evaluation The two bits of gathering information we gathered was: 1. Passerby stream 2. Land use 3. Building tallness The individual optional information that I will gather is: 1. Land esteems The structure of the day was that we were going to part the day into equal parts. We gathered the gathering information in the first part of the day and the individual information toward the evening so we had considerably more an ideal opportunity to gather our individual information. Gathering information For our gathering information we split the CBD into framework squares and two individuals were liable for recording the structure stature and land use for the structures in the given territory and to do four person on foot streams and we did the walkers stream outside the Town Hall on Westgate. We did this so we could cover more zone and accordingly the information assortment methods must be the equivalent all through the entire year. For the gathering information we determined the Pedestrian stream in a specific region at four unique occasions additionally we determined of the structure tallness of the structures in my gatherings square and began straight after we got out off the mentor. Additionally we landed utilization of the structures for this we determined what specific utilize a structure would be. We put letters on a guide of Leeds that turf for sort of the structure for example a=commerce, b =administration and so on. All the information in the Group Data was to be shared between all the gatherings. The picture on the left to shows my square which was B2 and the picture on the correct shows the structure we needed to explore Building Height To gather information for building tallness I worked with an accomplice and we checked the quantity of windows of each working in our matrix and utilized this as the stature, we did this since we didn’t have the opportunity or hardware to gauge the specific statures. We at that point gathered the entire of the year’s information and have a decent number of structures from every lattice to see where the tallest structures are likewise the Building Height was genuinely simple now and again as you needed to tally the floors outwardly of the structures, yet there were issues considering the structure tallness we made a deal to avoid checking the basements, however a few structures on slants had basements at the back and ground floors at the front of the structures and we didn't consent to tally these aswell. Person on foot stream We set apart out four focuses on our maps similarly removed separated and took tallies of individuals who pass us. One of our pair tallied option to left and the other checked left to right so we could proficiently record everybody. We went to the Town Hall on Westgate and we tallied the quantity of people on foot who were strolling either in or out of the CBD. We thought this was a perfect to do our passerby consider we were close to the edge of the CBD, so it was a perfect spot to tally the quantity of people on foot strolling all through the CBD. Land Use For this we utilized the ground floor land utilization of each expanding on our maps; we had certain classes and we put them during the ones which best fitted the land use. We did this on the grounds that the classes gave a thought of the kind of land and what it was utilized for. We at that point gathered them with the remainder of the year’s information on a database to see the diverse land utilizes around the CBD. We had filled in the land utilization of the structures in a table which has all the quantity of the structures. I imagine that the measure of classes that sort out the structures was the perfect sum in such a case that there were more classifications it would have made it progressively muddled to arrange the Land use on GIS, on the off chance that there was less classes, at that point it would have made it difficult to compose the various kinds of structures in the classifications. Fortunately we had effectively had no issues characterizing the structures into va rious classifications. Singular information For singular information I gathered crude information for the two choices I picked. I did this by going round Leeds CBD and recording the information. In the second piece of the day we did Individual Data. I did 10 natural quality appraisals and I did 2 traffic considers they took 5 minutes each and the ecological quality evaluations were spread around the Leeds CBD. Indicating the entire guide of Leeds CBD Ecological quality overview I did a significant number of these inside and out the CBD of Leeds as I had done 10 ecological quality appraisals and I had done a considerable lot of these close to the focal point of the CBD as my examination is to locate the focal point of the CBD of Leeds. I did a significant number of the natural quality evaluations around the focal point of the CBD (which I think it is close or on Briggate) and I wrapped up of the ecological quality appraisal sheets around the edges of the CBD. The explanation I did the overview in various regions of the CBD was to see the distinction of the nature of the earth all through the CBD of Leeds. I likewise believed that this review was significant as the focal point of the CBD should have the best nature of condition in the entire CBD of Leeds. As the table shows this isn't correct and the cleanest territory is in Gourmet Pizzeria, St Paul’s Street. Shows the Quality of ecological overview I utilized Traffic check Our gathering did the Traffic include in a bustling area. We did our traffic on Bishopgate Street, adjacent to Leeds Train station. The explanation of us picking the area was on the grounds that it was at the edge of the CBD meaning the traffic that we had included had been proceeding to out of the CBD. We did 3 traffic checks at various occasions yet at a similar area as we needed to see the difference in the rush hour gridlock stream for the duration of the day. In our rush hour gridlock check we had tallied all the vehicles that came passed the street, vehicles, transports, taxis e.t.c. The most measure of traffic that had come past our point (the most elevated number of vehicles 60 minutes) was at 2.30 pm and there was 1524 Vehicles 60 minutes. Step by step instructions to refer to Geography Coursework †Methodology †Center Of Leeds’ CBD, Papers

Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self destruction - Research Paper Example Sociologists have been attempting to ascertain the self destruction rates for over a hundred years. Lamentably the â€Å"shock-wave† that a solitary self destruction creates is amazing to the point that the measurable irregularity gets lopsided (Baudelot and Establet 2008). In nations like the United States, self destruction isn't as continuous among the regular citizens all things considered among the individuals having a place with the military. Henceforth, the social shame of self destruction in the United States and the European nations stays a matter of dread and appall joined with sentiments of disdain and absence of sympathy (Joiner 2010). Self destruction might be reasonably characterized as a deliberate demonstration picked by a person who needs incredible the circumstance he has gotten himself in is unrecoverable and can't be changed (Diekstra and WHO 1989). The disfavor it conveys with it for the networks particularly in the United States is because of the way that it shows not just indecent conduct with respect to that individual yet additionally the family who falls casualty of this wrongdoing. The majority of the cases in the U.S. have been associated with wartimes and the level of self destruction submitted among the troopers and the military men is higher than common regular folks. Self destruction as a rule has a history in the family. There are a few ages in the family who have been enjoyed this strategy and henceforth it turns out to be fairly hard for the humanist to think of a reasonable explanation behind such a demonstration. Present day specialists and masterminds have anyway come to accept that self destruction might be satisfactory sooner or later in a person’s life. Overcomers of self destruction end up in liquor addiction and other deadly exercises which turns into a danger for the network. The pace of wretchedness is amazingly high in the United States. Inquires about partner the self destruction rates to the ethnic ga therings that exist at the same time among the locals. This is shockingly one of the primary reasons of self destruction particularly among grown-ups or old individuals who have experienced injuries throughout their life which they can't impart to anybody. War, loss of a relative, melancholy, broken families and smashing organizations are a portion of the hazard factors which impact self destruction among this age gathering (Retterstol 1993). In places where there are broken families, an individual needing to end it all is crippled by his own circumstance and position in the family. He is probably going to contrast himself and advantaged individuals around him and winds up having an extremely low confidence like in numerous different cases. Broken families are typically a consequence of some awful or frowned upon occurrence in the past which offer ascent to sentiments of uneasiness and misery. So also an individual whose business is slamming is probably going to be influenced with t he destruction more seriously than his group of individuals. On the off chance that he has a discouraging character he would close himself from the remainder of the world and let the sentiment of disappointment develop inside him. In the long run he would become worn out on his life and end it himself (Retterstol 1993). Instead of the reasons for self destruction found in the United States, different nations which are sorted as the underdeveloped nations, for example, Pakistan are defied with inside and out isolated arrangements of reasons for self destruction. Pakistan is a country which never recuperated from the injury of parcel in 1947. A progression of occasions made the residents accept that they are destined forever. With the

Renting and Company

THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be arranged in the State of Rajasthan Ill. The items for which the Company is set up are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as advertisers, vendors, proprietors, speculators, designers, operators, merchants of land, building, bequests or some other auxiliary or work of any sort at all, regardless of whether country, urban, private, business or mechanical and to secure, buy, take on rent or in return, enlist or by some other methods get responsibility for/or alternatives over any freehold or other property of any residency, state or premium or any rights, benefits or easements over or in regard of any property, land and working, to improve, change, outfit, build, advance, create, fund or sponsor the equ ivalent and to discard or keep up, aid offer of the equivalent, to fabricate townships, structures, private, Colonies, processing plants, ventures, stockrooms, shops, social, sports or recreational commercialcomplexes, shopping centers including eateries and inns, markets or comforts subsequently or to prepare the equivalent or any part thereof with all or any civilities or comforts, waste, sanitation, office, power, cooling, web, water, phone and TV establishment and to manage the equivalent in any way at all, and to construct, take on rent, or potentially lease, buy or obtain in any way at all any condo, houses, pads, rooms, floors or other convenience and to let or discard the on portion premise, recruit buy premise, conceded installment premise or by through and through deal whether by private arrangement or by open closeout or in some other method of manner all or any necessary part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE achievement of the fundamental items are : 1. To utilize or go into concurrence with trough, engineers, bookkeepers, mechanics bricklayers, craftsmen, cutters, welders, manufacturers, repairers, painters, circuit repairmen, framework, dealers workers and different people for the objects of the organization. 2. To buy or in any case obtain and embrace the entire or any piece of the business property and resources, liabilities of people or organization continuing any business like the primary objects of the organization and which the organization is approved to continue. 3.To put away any overflow cash not quickly required by the organization in such speculations other at that point offers or stock in this organization as might be suspected legitimate and to hold or sell such ventures. 4. To buy or in any case get any licenses, patent-rights, mystery forms creations concessions, licenses, right and benefits and so forth, presenting and selective of nonâ ­ elite or constrained option to utilize, any mystery or other data reg arding any innovation which may appear to be proficient to being utilized for any of the motivations behind the organization or the securing of which may appear to be determined straightforwardly or by implication to profit the organization and use, work out, create or award, licenses, in regard of or in any case tum to account the property, privileges of data so gained. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 An of the Companies Act, 1956 and the standards surrounded there under the headings gave by the Reserve Bank of India now and again as might be material to obtain or raise or secure the installment of the cash in such way as the Company may think fit and specifically by the issue of securities, debentures or debentureâ ­ stock, interminable or something else, in the case of comprising a charge upon all or any pieces of the Company's property, both present and future, including its uncalled capital or without establishing a charge as previously mentioned and to get cash on st ore, on premium or something else, and to loan, advance or store cash, on premium or something else, without - I-THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 (COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED I. The name of the Company is K M RESIDENCY PRIVATE LIMITED II. The Registered Office of the Company will be arranged in the State of Rajasthan III. The articles for which the Company is set up are:- (A) THE MAIN OBJECTS TO BE PURSUED BY THE COMPANY ON ITS INCORPORATION ARE: 1.To carry on the business as advertisers, vendors, proprietors, speculators, engineers, operators, representatives of land, building, domains or some other auxiliary or work of any sort at all, regardless of whether provincial, urban, private, business or mechanical and to secure, buy, take on rent or in return, enlist or by some other methods get responsibility for/or choices over any freehold or other property of any residency, state or premium or any rights, benefits or easements over or in regard of any property, land and working, to improve, adjust, outfit, develop, advance, create, fund or finance the equivalent and to discard or keep up, aid offer of the equivalent, to fabricate townships, structures, private, Colonies, manufacturing plants, enterprises, distribution centers, shops, social, sports or recreational business edifices, shopping centers including eateries and inns, markets or comforts subsequently or to prepare the equivalent or any part thereof with all or any luxuries or comforts, seepage, sanitation, office, power, cooling, web, water, phone and TV establishment and to manage the equivalent in any way at all, and to assemble, take on rent, or potentially lease, buy or gain in any way at all any condo, houses, pads, rooms, floors or other settlement and to let or discard the on portion premise, recruit buy premise, conceded installment premise or by and large deal whether by private arrangement or by open closeout or in some other method of aura al l or any indispensable part thereof. (B) THE OBJECTS INCIDENTAL OR ANCILLARY TO THE fulfillment of the primary items are: 1. To utilize or go into concurrence with trough, engineers, bookkeepers, mechanics artisans, woodworkers, cutters, welders, developers, repairers, painters, circuit testers, platform, dealers workers and different people for the objects of the organization. 2. To buy or in any case procure and embrace the entire or any piece of the business property and resources, liabilities of people or organization continuing any business like the fundamental objects of the organization and which the organization is approved to continue. 3.To put away any overflow cash not promptly required by the organization in such ventures other at that point offers or stock in this organization as might be suspected legitimate and to hold or sell such speculations. 4. To buy or in any case gain any licenses, patent-rights, mystery forms innovations concessions, licenses, right and benefi ts and so forth, presenting and selective of non-elite or restricted option to utilize, any mystery or other data with respect to any creation which may appear to be skilled to being utilized for any of the motivations behind the organization or the securing of which may appear to be determined straightforwardly or in a roundabout way to profit the organization and use, work out, create or award, licenses, in regard of or in any case go to account the property, privileges of data so obtained. 5.Subject to the Provision of Section 58 An of the Companies Act, 1956 and the standards surrounded there under the bearings gave by the Reserve Bank of India every now and then as might be material to acquire or raise or secure the installment of the cash in such way as the Company may think fit and specifically by the issue of securities, debentures or debenture-stock, interminable or something else, in the case of comprising a charge upon all or any pieces of the Company's property, both pre sent and future, including its uncalled capital or without establishing a charge as aforementioned and to get cash on store, on premium or something else, and to loan, advance or store cash, on premium or something else, without security, to organizations, firms or people on such footing as may appear to be convenient, and in that the Company will not carry on the matter of banking as characterized in the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 6.To assurance the installment of cash made sure about by or payable under or in regard of securities, debentures, debenture-stock, contracts, contracts, charges, commitments and different protections of any organization or of any power whether Central, State, Municipal, Local or something else, or of any individual whosoever, regardless of whether consolidated or not fused. 7. To go into organization or into any course of action for offering the benefits or joint experience to any individual, firm or organization continuing or going to continue any b usiness fit for being led in order to straightforwardly or in a roundabout way this Company and to get or participate in the procuring of any such business. 8.To sell or discard the endeavor of the Company or any part thereof for such thought as the Company may think fit and in points of interest for shares, completely or mostly paid, debentures, debenture-stock (redeemable or unending) or protections of some other organization having objects out and out or to some extent like those of this Company, and to circulate any such offers, debentures, debenture-stock or protections, among the individuals from this Company, either by method for profits or upon any arrival of capital, subject to the arrangements of the law in power. 9. To designate offers in this Company to be considered as completely or incompletely settled up on installment of any property of whatever portrayal which the Company may gain. 10. To sell, improve, oversee, work, create, rent, contract, charge, hypothecate, sto re by method for advance or in any case discard, go to account or in any case manage all or any piece of the property of the Company at whatever point or anyway procured. 11. To acquire the Company to be perceived or enrolled in any outside spot of nation. 12.To union, remake amalgamate with or without ending up with any organization or organizations having obj

Financial Analysis Assignment on Ratio Analysis Virgin Media - Free Essay Example

The company formerly known as NTL Group Limited is a cable and telecommunication firm. It was established in 1996 from the acquisition of National Tran communications limited by international cable tel. It conduct business from its registered head office which is located i London, United Kingdom. The company telecommunications services include a national digital telecoms network end to end residential and business telecommunication, internet services, mobile radio communication, visual communications, internet services, internet satellite links and turnkey systems. The company holds several cable TV franchises for Dublin, Galway and Waterford, and all of Northern Ireland. In addition the company holds MMDS franchises for mobile telecommunication covering counties Dublin, Galway, Waterford and Mayo. The company has home businesses such as NTL UK and Ireland cable networks, ITV/C4 transmission network, and NTL Business UK and Ireland. Further the company has international business in Australia, Switzerland, France and Singapore. Background Virgin Media Inc. is an UK based media and communications company. The company is a residential broadband and mobile virtual network operator and also engaged in providing a pay television and fixed-line telephone services in the UK. Virgin Media conducts its business operations through three reportable segments, namely, Cable, Mobile and Content. The company is head quartered at New York, the US. In April 2009, sit-up Ltd., UKs most innovative home shopping retailer and a subsidiary of Virgin Media was acquired by Munich-based industrial holding named AURELIUS AG. Wondering who we are? Well, were the first people in the UK to offer you TV, Broadband, Phone and Mobile all from one place. The future is bursting with fresh entertainment and communication possibilities. Thats why were here to bring all the excitement to you and make your digital place the brilliant place it should be. Suddenly, everythings coming together, and were the first people to provide you with a unique combina tion of: TV that puts you in control Superfast and reliable broadband Phone packages that fit around you Mobile service that gives you just what you want Whatever you choose with Virgin Media, were aiming to make the whole experience as effortless as the award-winning service our Virgin Mobile customers have enjoyed for years. RATIO ANALYSIS Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. The judgment process can be improved by experience and the use of analytical tools. Probably the most widely used financial analysis technique is ratio analysis, the analysis of relationships between two or more line items on the financial statement. Financial ratios are usually expressed in percentage or times. Generally, financial ratios are calculated for the purpose of evaluating aspects of a companys operations and fall into the following categories: Liquidity ratios measure a firms ability to meet its current obligations. Profitability ratios measure managements ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business. Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long-term funds and can also aid in judging a firms ability to raise additional debt and its capacity to pay its liabilities on time. LIQUIDITY RATIOS Working Capital: Working capital compares current assets to current liabilities, and serves as the liquid reserve available to satisfy contingencies and uncertainties. A high working capital balance is mandated if the entity is unable to borrow on short notice. The ratio indicates the short-term solvency of a business and in determining if a firm can pay its current liabilities when due. Current Assets Current Liabilities Acid Test or Quick Ratio: A measurement of the liquidity position of the business. The quick ratio compares the cash plus cash equivalents and accounts receivable to the current liabilities. The primary difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio is the quick ratio does not include inventory and prepaid expenses in the calculation. Consequently, a businesss quick ratio will be lower than its current ratio. It is a stringent test of liquidity. Securities + Cash + Marketable Accounts Receivable Current Liabilities Current Ratio: Provides an indication of the liquidity of the business by comparing the amount of current Assets to current liabilities. A businesss current assets generally consist of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventories. Current liabilities include accounts payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued income taxes, and other accrued expenses that are due within one year. Current Assets Current Liabilities PROFITABILITY RATIOS This ratio reflects the overall profitability of the business. It is calculated by comparing the profit earned and the capital employed to earn it. Return on Capital Employed = Profit before Interest, Tax and dividend *100 Capital Employed Return on shareholders funds This ratio reveals how profitably the proprietors funds have been utilized by the firm. Net profit after interest tax Total shareholders funds Net profit ratio This ratio shows the relationship between net profit and sales. Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit * 100 Net Sales Earnings per Share This ratio measures the profit available to the equity shareholders on a per share basis. All profits left after payment of tax and preference dividend are available to equity shareholders. EPS = Net Profit Dividend on Preference Shares No of equity shares Dividend per Share DPS is the dividend distributed to equity shareholders divided by the no. of equity shares. DPS = Dividend paid to Equity Shareholder No. of Equity Shares Earnings and Dividend Yield This ratio is closely related to EPS and DPS. While the EPS and DPS are calculated on the basis of the book value of shares, this ratio is calculated on the basis of the market value of shares. Earnings Yield = EPS * 100 Market value per share Dividend Yield = DPS * 100 Market value per share Price Earnings Ratio It is computed by dividing the market price of a share by the EPS. PE Ratio = Market Price of the share EPS SOLVENCY RATIOS Debt Equity Ratio This ratio explains the relationship between the long term debts and share holders funds. Debt Equity Ratio = Debt Equity Debt to Total Fund Ratio This ratio is a variation of the Debt Equity Ratio and gives the same indication as the debt equity ratio. In this ratio, debt is expressed in relation to total funds. Debt Total Funds Ratio = Debt Equity + Debt EFFICIENCY RATIOS Sales to Working Capital (Net Working Capital Turnover) Indicates the turnover in working capital per year. A low ratio indicates inefficiency, while a high level implies that the companys working capital is working too hard. Net Sales Average Working Capital Financial Statement: Profit and Loss A/c: Particular 2008( millions) 2009( millions) Turnover 3776.8 3663.9 Operating Profit -271.8 132 Net interest -473.3 -448.9 Profit Before Tax -860.2 -352.8 Profit after Tax -853.4 350.3 Balance Sheet: Particular 2008( millions) 2009( millions) Intangible Assets 2592.6 2283.7 Tangible Assets 5342.1 5045.8 Fixed Investment 353.5 359.9 Total Fixed Assets 8877.8 8087.5 Cash at Bank or in Hand 181.6 430.5 Total Assets 9933.3 9190.5 Creditor Amount 1475.1 1352.2 Creditor Amount after 1 year 192.7 288.8 Total Liability 7917.1 7698.7 Net Assets 2016.2 1491.3 Ratio of Virgin Media: Items 2009 2008 Current Ratio 1.23 1.42 Liquidity Ratio 1.23 1.42 Shareholder liquidity ratio -0.53 0.67 Solvency Ratio 18.63 -41.68 Assets Cover 4.11 1.31 Gearing (%) 361.03 n.s Return on Capital Employed 130.88 -40.30 Return on Total Assets 60.67 -14.92 Ratio Analysis of Virgin Media: In the analysis I got the ratios from profit and loss, balance sheet. There has different ratios like current ratio, liquidity ratio, shareholder liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, assets cover, Gearing Ratio, return on capital employed, return on total assets. So the analyses of this ratio are as follows: In the current ratio the ratio in 2008 is 1.42 whereas in the year 2009 ratio is 1.23. So its slightly decrease from 2008. In the liquidity ratio also it has the same position in both the year. Like as the current ratio. With 1.42 in 2008 and 1.23 in 2009 In shareholder liquidity ratio, in 2008 it has 0.67 and in 2009 it has negative position as -0.53. So, it has also decrease from 2008. In Solvency ratio, in the year 2008 the ratio is -41.68 and in 2009 it has 18.63. So we can say that it has increase as comparison to 2008. In Assets covering ratio, in the year 2008 1.31 value and in 2009 it has 4.11 values. And it is also good for the company. In the return on capital employed, in the year 2008 value is -40.30 has negative value. And in 2009 it has 130.88. It is also good for the company. In the return on total assets, ratio in the year of 2008 has -14.92 which is not good for company. But in the year 2009 it has good value as comparison to 2008 and got 60.67 values. Conclusion: Provide key company information for business intelligence needs The company strengths and weakness and area of development or decline are analyzed. The opportunity open to the company are considered and its growth potential assessed. Competitive or technological threats are highlighted. The report contains critical company information business structure and operations, the company history, major products and services, key competitors, key employees and executive biographies, different locations and important subsidiaries. The report provides detailed financial ratio for the past years as well as interim ratio for the last four quarters. Financial ratio includes profitability, margins and return, liquidity and leverage, financial position and efficiency ratio.

Bullying And Cyberbullying - 782 Words

Childhood may be good or bad memories we had, we may have encountered that troubled individual, typically known as the â€Å"bully† that drove fear in the hearts of the weakest link by humiliating them, taking what is rightfully theirs, constantly picking on them. Over the decades, the word â€Å"bully† took place in the mid 1530s, bullying involves two people, a bully and a victim, which the bully abuses the victim through physical, verbal, or other means in order to gain a sense of superiority and power, according to â€Å"Bullying and Cyberbullying†, Richard Donegan. Bullying can happen anywhere and anytime. Sometimes bullying can happens online or through a cell phone, or face-face.There are different types of bullying, including physical bullying,†¦show more content†¦In today’s world young people easily access to the entire world through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices. Cyberbullying is defined as any form of repeated harassment to a person using electronic devices and the internet. It is a growing issue that youth are facing today. Studies have shown that one third of students have faced cyber bullying in their life. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation, over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online and repeatedly through their cellphones or the Internet. Also, more than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyber threats online. Cyberbullies often say things that they do not have the courage to say face-to-face because technology makes them feel anonymous, insulated and detached from the situation. Anonymous is very power because online bullying is mean and cruel, in the article â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistics.† Cyberbullying happens frequently and about 15% of high school students (grades 9–12) were electronically bullied. Bullying never stop no matter what unless someone stands up. Social media is designed to build a relation among people, by sharing their interests and communicate with one another. But social media can bully people easily such as verbal abuse, gossip or other actions that cause mental and emotional harm. Social bullying involves spreading rumors about another person, purposely leaving someone out of anShow MoreRelatedThe Bullying Of Cyberbullying And Bullying892 Words   |  4 PagesVictimization of cyberbullying Bullying does not just exist in the schoolyard. With the twenty- first century internet is what people use now. And Internet has changed to being a use full tool, to now were people kill people s self-esteem ,and more. Cyberbullying has become a big problem around the world and it needs to stop. Cyberbullying really started when the internet was available to everyone. 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Barbie Doll Fantasy Exposed in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll...

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Innovations In Behavioral Marketing And Essay Example For Students

Innovations In Behavioral Marketing And Essay MARKETING MANAGEMENTTERM PROJECT?Innovations in Behavioral Marketing and Electronic Commerce?Date: June 15, 2000Table of ContentsPreface1? . Introduction? . Benefits of Electronic Marketing? . Effectiveness of E-CommerceI. Ways for Promoting your WebsiteII. Learning about your VisitorsIII. Segmenting your Internet Market? . E-Commerce in LebanonI. Lebanese Companies on the NetII. Customer Adaptation to E-Commerce Websites? . ConclusionI. IntroductionAn online marketing channel is one that a person can reach via computer and modem. A modem connects a computer to a telephone line so that the computer user can reach various online information services. There are two types of online channels:Commercial Online Channels: Various companies have set up online information and marketing services that can be accessed by those who have signed up for the service and pay a monthly fee. The best-known online services are: CompuServe, America Online, and Prodigy, with more than 3,200,000, 3,000,000, and 1,600,000 subscribers respectively. These online channels provide subscribers with five main services: information (news, libraries, education, travel, sports, reference), entertainment (fun and games), shopping services, dialogue opportunities (bulletin boards, forums, chat boxes), and E-mail. The Internet:The Internet is a global web of some 45,000-computer networks that has made instantaneous and decentralized global communication possible. Originally established to facilitate research and scholarly exchanges, the Internet is now available to a much broad audience, some 25,000,000 people. Users can send e-mail, exchange views, shop for products, and access news, food recipes, art and business information. The Internet itself is free, though individual users may need to pay a commercial service to be hooked up to it. II. Benefits of Electronic MarketingWhy have online services become so popular? First, they provide three major benefits to potential buyers:? Convenience: Customers can order products 24 hours a day wherever they are. They do not have to sit in traffic, find a parking space, and walk through countless aisles to find and examine goods. And they do not have to drive all the way to a store, only to find out that the desired product is out of stock. ? Information: Customers can find reams of comparative information about companies products, and competitors without leaving their office or home. They can focus on objective criteria such as prices, quality, performance, and availability. ? Fewer hassles: With online services, customers do not have to face salespeople or open themselves up to persuasion and emotional factors. Second, online services also provide a number of benefits to marketers:? Quick adjustments to market conditions: companies can quickly add products to their offering and change prices and descriptions. ? Lower costs: Online marketers avoid the expense of maintaining a store and the accompanying costs of rent, insurance, and utilities. They can produce digital catalogs for much less than the cost of printing and mailing paper catalogs. ? Relationship building: Online marketers can talk with consumers and learn much from them. Marketers can also upload useful reports, or a free demo of their software, or a free sample of their newsletter, onto the system Consumers can then download these items into their electronic mailboxes. ? Audience sizing: Marketers can learn how many people visited their online site and how many stopped at particular places on the site. This information can help the marketers improve their offers and ads. Clearly, marketers will want to consider using online services to find, reach communicate, and sell. Online marketing has at least four great advantages. First, both small and large firms can afford it. Second, there is no real limit on advertising space, in c ontrast to print and broadcast media. Third, information access and retrieval are fast, compared to overnight mail and even fax. Fourth, shopping can be done privately and swiftly. However, online marketing is not for every company or for every product; thought has to be given to if, when, and how it should be done. III. Effectiveness of E-CommerceIn order for your company to be effective in its electronic commerce, some conditions must be satisfied. For example, your company should promote its web site properly in order to attract visitors who are the companys potential customers. Thus the more the visitors, the higher the probability of having more customers. Another point of concern is the size of the Internet, which constitutes a humongous market. Therefore, attacking it as a whole would be a difficult task for the company. That is why companies usually tend to segment the market into small niches to give each of them an equivalent portion of the companys attention. In addition, the company must keep in mind that there are millions of surfers with different wants and needs, different age groups, sexes, ethnicity, social lifestyles, educational levels, and so on. This issue pushes almost every company with a web site running online to start knowing its online customers in order to serve them best, knowing that online competition is increasing vastly each and every day. A. Ways for Promoting your WebsiteThe most important first step is to register your site with the main Web search engines, so we begin with steps to prepare your Web pages for optimal indexing. 1. Write a Page Title. Write a descriptive title for each page of 5 to 8 words. Remove as many filler words from the title, such as the, and, etc. This page title appears on the Web search engines when your page is found. Entice surfers to click on the title by making it a bit provocative. Use some descriptive keywords along with your business name on your home page. For example, instead of LAU use LAU ? Leading University in Middle East . The more people see in the blue highlighted portion of the search engine that interests them, the more likely they are to click on the link. 2. List Keywords. To get your juices flowing, sit down with some associates and brainstorm a list of 50 to 100 keywords or key phrases the kind of words or phrases someone might search on to find a business or site lik e yours. Then refine the list to the most important 20 or so. Those words are placed at the top of the Web page internally not visible on the page in a META tag1. Search engines use them in order to locate the site. Note however, that some research on search engine algorithms indicates that a fewer number of keywords may help you better target the most important search if you are working to increase your pages ranking on the search engines. Consider using both lowercase and capitalized forms of your very most important words, since some search engines are case-sensitive. 3. Write a Page Description. Select the most important 20 keywords, and write a sentence or two. You do not need to repeat any words used in the page title. Keep this readable but tight. Those words are placed at the top of the Web page internally in a META tag1 too. They will appear in the search result of search engines when a user requests a search for one of the specified keywords. 4. Submit Page to Search Engines. Next, submit your page to the important Web search engines and directories. The most important search engines that robotically spider or index your site are: Yahoo, AltaVista, Excite, HotBot, Lycos, Infoseek, WebCrawler, and Northern Light. 5. Request Links on Industry Sites. You probably belong to various trade associations that feature member sites. Ask for a link. Even if you have to pay something for a link, it may bring you the kind of targeted traffic you crave. 6. Include URL on Stationery, Cards, and Literature. Make sure that all reprints of cards, stationery, brochures, and literature contain your companys URL. And see that your printer gets the URL syntax correct. In print, it is recommended leaving off the http:// part and including only the www.domain.com portion. This way it is easier to memorize. 7. Promote using traditional media. Do not stop print advertising you have found effective. However, be sure to include your URL in any display or classified ads you purchase in trade journals, newspapers, etc. View your website as an information adjunct to the ad. Catch readers attention with the ad, and then refer them to a Web page where they can obtain more information or perhaps place an order. Sometimes these ads are more targeted, more effective, and less expensive than online advertising. Consider other traditional media to drive people to your site, such as direct mail, classifieds, post cards, etc. 8. Develop a Free Service. It is one thing to say, Come to our site and learn about our business. It is quite another to say Use the free kitchen remodeling calculator available exclusively on our site. Make sure that your free service is closely related to what you are selling so the visitors you attract will be good prospects for your business. Give visitors multiple opportunities and links to cross over to the sales part of your site. 9. Request Reciprocal Links. Find complementary websites and request a reciprocal link to your site (especially to your free service, if you offer one). Develop an out-of-the way page where you put links to other sites so you dont send people out the back door as fast as you bring them in the front door. 10. Issue News Releases. Find newsworthy events (such as launching your free service), and send news releases to print and Web periodicals in your industry. 11. Request Links from Business Link Sites. Especially if you offer a free service, you can request links from many of the small business linking pages on the Web. When you have something free to offer, many doors open to you. Surf the Net looking for places that might link to your site. Then e-mail the site owner or Webmaster with your site name, URL, and a brief 200-word description of what you offer there. 12. Capture Visitor E-mail Addresses and Request Permission to Send Updates. On your websites response form, include a checkbox where the visitor can give you permission to e-mail updates about products or services. Now your e-mails to visitors are not Spam. You are responding to their request for more information. It is recommended capturing first and last name in separate fields so you can market personally to them. But only ask for the information you need or they wont fill it out. 13. Publish an E-Mail Newsletter. While its a big commitment in time, publishing a weekly, monthly, or quarterly newsletter is one of the very best ways to keep in touch with your prospects, generate trust, develop brand awareness, and build future business. You can distribute your newsletter using your e-mail program, or have people subscribe on your website directly to a listserver program offered by your Internet Service Provider. 14. Install a Signature in your E-Mail Program. Most e-mail programs such as Eudora, Netscape, or Outlook allow you to designate a signature to appear at the end of each message you send. Limit it to 6 to 8 lines: Company name, address, phone number, URL, e-mail address, and a one-phrase description of your unique business offerings. Look for examples on e-mail messages sent to you. 15. Promote Your Site in Mailing Lists and News Groups. The Internet offers thousands of very targeted mailing lists and news groups made up of people with very specialized interests. Do not use aggressive marketing and overtly plug your product or service. Rather, add to the discussion in a helpful way and let the signature at the end of your e-mail message do your marketing for you. People will gradually get to know and trust you, visit your site, and do business with you. 16. Announce a Contest. People like getting something free. If you publicize a contest or drawing available on your site, you will generate more traffic than normal. 17. Join a Banner Exchange Program. Essentially, you agree to show a rotating banner on your site for other Link Exchange members, and they do the same for you, and there is a possibility youll earn something through paid banner ads, too. 18. Purchase Banner Ads on Appropriate Sites. You may need to spend money to boost traffic by purchasing banner advertising. Choose sites that seem to attract the kinds of people who would be good prospects for your business or product. You can find media brokers who can help you find appropriate and cost-effective places to advertise, especially if you have a significant advertising budget for branding purposes. Things Fall Apart Essay PaperA. Lebanese Companies on the Net Roula Mousa, managing director of Netways, could hardly control her excitement while speaking on the global implications the World Wide Web will have on the worlds future. Speaking at a workshop hosted by the ministry of economys trade information center she pointed to the range of benefits that being plugged into the Net could bestow. If a company needs to know how their stocks are doing on the Beirut Bourse, it can always just punch in *www.bse.com.lb* and get the days closing prices. Want to check out new real-estate investment opportunities in the country? Check out *www.homesandland.com* and you can get a listing of land and property for sale according to your specifications. The possibilities are endless, but ?its a war here,? she said. If a company wants to compete in todays global village, it needs to learn how to market and sell its products, recruit employees and search out clients, all over the Net. For this r eason, the ministry of economy will be hosting free Internet workshops for Lebanese companies on a monthly basis. There are more than 100m Internet subscribers across the world, of which 60 per cent are in the US. Of that number, 100,000 are from Lebanon, half of them university students. There are more than 8m websites on the World Wide Web and, according to the estimates, more than 5,000 Lebanese companies are represented on the Net. Some have made it into a valuable tool. Exotica is an example. Through its website at *www.exotica.com.lb* a client can order, pay by credit card and have delivered an order of flowers or a potted plants, without having to do more than click a mouse button. The typical Internet E-Commerce includes catalog-shopping merchandise, distribution, wholesaling and other commercial activities. The success of these solutions will be driven by consumer confidence in the security and confidentiality of their transactions. The basic way to handle commerce via the internet is to setup an HTML form where users can enter the items they wish to buy, shipping address and credit card information. By using a secure socket layer (SSL), server and browser will ensure that third parties cannot discover the credit card information. Alternative way to increase the security of credit card transaction is to use a trusty transaction company between the merchant and customer, so the merchant does not see the customers credit card number. II. Customer Adaptation to E-Commerce WebsitesReaching the world, and more specifically lucrative Arab markets, does not need grandiose planning. Computers are spreading and making Arab citizens potential consumers to an electronic form of commerce dominated by multinational firms with huge financial and technological resources. Despite foreign competition, the Internet can fuel economic growth in our country. E-commerce is practiced differently between the two powers that dominate virtual business in the world, Europe and the United States. European e-commerce is mostly comprised of retail selling, such as buying flowers, cameras and computers on the Internet using credit cards, or other ?secure? payment methods designed not to let financial accounts fall into the wrong hands. In the U.S., there is a large and increasing consumer appetite to buy goods and financial services on the Internet, but firms also rely on the Web for their supplies and to keep stocks at a minimum through wha t is known as ?business to business? transactions. In Lebanon, the volume of both types of virtual trading is negligible. Businesses tend to think of the Internet as a method of displaying their goods and services on-line, not as a tool to increase sales and cut costs. At the global level, forecasts for e-commerce growth are quite daring: From $59 billion last year, international consultants Deloitte says that virtual trade would cross the $1 trillion barrier by 2002, mainly from business-to-business deals. Asia, it seems, is destined to continue lagging behind with a less than $50-million share compared to more than $800 million for U.S. businesses. Such calculations cast of grim shadow over the Arab East, which is already being left behind the rest of the world economy in the traditional fields of industry and services. The vast majority of Asias e-commerce is conducted in advanced nations such as Singapore and Japan. What can we expect then from Arab businesses? How can we avoid being confined to another footnote in the globalization story? The Arab virtual market is small. The U.A.E. is the most virtual with more than 200,000 Internet surfers up to April. Lebanon is in good shape with respect to its Arab neighbors and is not very far from 100,000 subscribers. The Syrian government limits the spread of the Internet to its citizens who dial-up using Lebanese providers. Saudi Arabia is finally booming after the government allowed a highly censored Internet to reach the population. In terms of personal computers, we notice that Saudi Arabia has formidable infrastructure (almost 1 million PCs), which justifies the Internet explosion there. The Levant enjoys much less purchasing power, but hopefully economic liberalization will finally hit the whole region, raise the standard of living and spread computers more rapidly to an eager, multi-lingual and educated population. One of the very few studies I managed to come across showed that 9 percent of Arab Internet s urfers make on-line purchases. But the market for credit cards, the main settlement mechanism on the Internet, is also growing. Lebanons 30,000 credit cards two years ago are have exceeded to 100,000 in 1999, and is expected to rise to 300,000 in 2001 with banks such as Credit Libanais working to introduce state of the art chip-based plastic. Lebanon defines itself on the virtual map by a set of encouraging numbers and some innovative approaches to e-commerce. A liberal business code has allowed the spread of tens of Internet firms that are competing primarily by undercutting each others prices and making the costs of accessing the Web among the lowest in emerging markets. Lacking huge RD budgets, Lebanese firms are devising low cost, yet effective, ways to wipe consumer fear of the Internet. Fransabank began by introducing a credit card with a monthly limit of $100-$200 to be used when making on-line purchases. If a credit card number is stolen, the resulting losses would be minima l. Other banks among them Lebanon Gulf Bank, Credit Libanais, Blom, Audi, Inaash have followed with even lower limit Internet pre-paid cards. Local service providers are teaming up with international firms to market the secure payment methods adopted internationally, such as Data Management, which linked with Kleline, and Inconet with Global Sign. While a major credit card issuer, CSC has teamed with Moscanet for providing a new way of secure payments in Lebanon. Another positive development has occurred on the Web itself. Some firms managed to break from the monotony and dullness that characterized Arab sites and carved a niche of selling goods to a large base of Lebanese expatriates, such as sweets manufacturer Hallab. In the financial industry, customers of the Arab Finance Corporation trade on-line. Despite these bright spots, the market is stagnant and has not reached an international level of maturity. Most sites are dull, slow and difficult to manipulate. I tried to buy a bo ok on-line from a local site. I only had a choice of the latest available publications (about six books) and waited for what felt like a decade for the necessary page to open. It was much easier to go to the bookshop, buy the book and come back before the page finished downloading. So there is huge room for technological improvements to make the Internet faster and the connection more efficient. But a fair bit of investment is needed to upgrade system speed, create sophisticated sites and conduct large-scale marketing campaigns to familiarize the consumer and merchant with the new medium, especially the business-to-business side. The probability that such investments can be made through the small firms that form the market is tiny. Their small sizes limit their access to finance and the amount of salaries they can pay specialists capable of taking the e-business a step up. (Majzoub R., downloaded from http://www.dailystar.com.lb)V. ConclusionIndividuals will be able to process docum ents and pay their bills using the governments network. Mohammed Amin of the Ministry of Economy and Trade made the announcement and several conceded that at present there are obstacles in the path to the future incomplete telecommunications infrastructure, non-existent e-commerce legislation and a lack of consumer awareness. ?Electronic commerce and its various services represent an easy and inexpensive opportunity for Lebanese businesses to compete on the regional and global markets,? said al Amin, director-general at the ministry. ?The public and private sectors are both responsible for the development of e-commerce in Lebanon,? said Amin. ?The Lebanese government intends to play an active role in this area.? The government strategy includes the creation of a flexible legislative framework for electronic commerce and its adoption as the model in government transactions. The government also hopes to encourage small and medium sized businesses to adopt new technology and increase investment in information technology education and infrastructure. Louis Hobeika, chairman of Sodetel, stressed the importance of IT development in all companies. ?Speeding transactions and minimizing costs is the key to doing business,? he said. ?Electronic-commerce helps businesses reach this target.? According to Hobeika, certain drawbacks limit the propagation of electronic-commerce in Lebanon, including slow network speed, consumer awareness and secure transactions. ?Fraud on the Internet is a major concern for an e-commerce company,? he said. ?But the fact is that less money is lost to Internet fraud than mobile phone fraud.? According to Forrester Research, only $1 is lost to Internet fraud per $1,000 revenue transactions, compared to $19.63 for the cellular phone industry. Electronic-commerce turnover reached $59 billion in 1998, mainly in business-to-business deals. ?In the future, technology will allow people to bypass local authorities such as Customs,? said Salah Rustom, president of CIE Lebanon. ?Governments that show flexibility in their legislature will benefit more than those who dont,? he added. ?The Beirut Chamber of Commerce is working on a proposal to facilitate the movement of information, goods and services,? said Hobeika. ?Few Lebanese companies make use of their website for business,? said Rami Majzoub, sales executive at Reuters. ?They use it mainly for promotional purposes.? Majzoub suggested that e-commerce could help Lebanon regain its global muscle, but that the market was still in its infancy and needed incentives to grow. ?Lebanon has the competitive advantage in certain areas including low dial-up costs, a growing number of credit card holders, and businesses that recognize the potential of the web,? said Majzoub. ?But the industry is still at a crossroads and needs to consolidate and attract joint venture capital to grow to its full potential.? Majzoub invited businesses to recognize the electronic market, and to act now becaus e tomorrow is too late. __________________________________________________________________Foot Notes:1) Meta tag: is a programming script tag used in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), which is used for developing web sites. This tag includes a description of the web site and some keywords that describe the web site. The purpose of it is to allow search engines to index the web site for users to easily locate it. Example: *META NAME=KEYWORDS CONTENT=university, education, Lebanese American University, etc **META NAME=DESCRIPTION CONTENT=LAU is the leading university in the Middle East etc *2) Merchant: is a company that links between the web surfer and the company of the web site. It ensures that the credit card of the surfer is valid, that he has the amount of money to be paid in the bank, and transfers the needed amount from his account to the companys bank account. Bibliography1. Majzoub, Rami. Seminar on e-commerce at the Bristol Hotel. September 1999 (http://www.dailystar.com.lb)2. Al-Ittihad Al-Iktissadi. 30th Edition, February 2000. (pp. 29). 3. Haraky, Aly. ?Future of Commerce is Digital: Point and Click?. August 1999. (pp. 1). http://www.dailystar.com.lb4. Wilson, Ralph F. ?The Web Marketing Checklist?. Web Marketing Today. Issue 57, June 1, 1999. 5. ?Preparing a Customer Profile for Your Internet Marketing Plan?. Web Marketing Today. Issue 76, April 1, 2000. Marketing and Advertising

Knowledge Manegment Systems Essays - , Term Papers

Knowledge Manegment Systems WEBSTER UNIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS? TIMOTHY W. HYDE COMP 5910 31 Mar 98 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT ii INTRODUCTION 1 WHAT IS A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1 Technologies 2 WHY USE IT 2 Advantages 2 GOAL 3 SAMPLE PRODUCT 3 WINCITE 5.0 3 INTRASPECT 1.5 4 CHANNELMANAGER 2.0 4 Premise #1 4 Premise #2 4 BACKWEB 4.0 5 CONCLUSION 5 WORK CITED 6 INTRODUCTION In today's information based society, knowledge is power. By knowing their customers a business will have the ability to build products coveted by their customers. If a company is to get ahead in business today, they need to have a firm grasp on how to get the best production out of their employees. One way to help employees be all they can be is to provide them with the tools necessary to do their job. With the explosion of the service industry, today more than ever what employees need to do their job is information. Information about warehouse and store inventories, hot and cold selling merchandise and most importantly information about the customers they service. Software developers have heeded the call of the corporate leaders and are creating technology to help managers collect the data they need and put it in a useful form. This paper will discuss the emerging knowledge management systems being used today, in an attempt to take advantage of the enormous databases which have been created. WHAT IS A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Knowledge management is at various stages of development in American businesses. Some companies are just taking their first steps toward identifying and organizing the components of their information systems. Others have already recruited knowledge managers and are looking to revamp and improve established system. The tools a majority of these companies are using in the renovation efforts are knowledge management systems. A knowledge management system is a software tool that is intended to assist, through knowledge processing functions, users who desire to retrieve and manipulate information for different applications. The various tools of such a framework should help users to originate and organize ideas or understand and communicate ideas more easily and accurately than can be done with most current tools. A knowledge management systems is an integrated multifunctional system that can support all main knowledge management and knowledge processing activities. Knowledge management systems are difficult to understand because the business processes it strives to computerize doesn't exist in the real world for most organizations. Unlike replacing a machine such as a typewriter or an office procedure such as document control, businesses have been trying unsuccessfully throughout the 20th century to make knowledge management a reality. Excluding those companies whose entire business is knowledge management, there's no obvious, proven model to follow. However, knowledge management can be described by stepping back from technologies and products and taking a high-level view of the business issues before jumping into technology-based solutions. A Knowledge management system is a program that provides companies the ability to gather its collective expertise. Valued at $1.5 billion in 1996 and slated to increase to $5 billion annually by 2000, the development of knowledge management systems is big business. The appeal of knowledge management reaches all types of firms, including automakers and consulting firms. With the decentralization of many businesses the focus on knowledge management has increased. Many of today's managers fear that corporate knowledge is being wasted because no one knows what vast knowledge exists. Technologies Involved Knowledge Management software helps support its users in their efforts to collect information, to organize it, to collaborate around it, thus allowing a means to search and discover knowledge contained in the group memory, so that it can be reapplied or extended, and reused. It does this by using a server to capture information from various electronic information sources This allows individuals and groups to capture information, together with its context, into the group memory from which it can be accessed from the user's desktop and across the enterprise. A knowledge management systems are composed of a variety of technologies including; intranets, data warehousing, decision-support tools, and groupware to name a few. About half of the companies recently surveyed by Delphi Consulting are creating systems which intranet technology to improve their knowledge management, while another 25 percent plan to do so in the near future. Similarly, one-third of developers surveyed by Delphi are creating data warehouses, while nearly 25 percent plan in progress to incorporate data warehouses. Also, one-third are implementing decision-support tools, while

biography on Lady Diana essays

biography on Lady Diana essays Diana, Princess of Whales, formerly Lady Diana Frances Spencer, was born on July 1st 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk. Lady Diana was educated first at preparatory school, Riddlesworth Hall at Diss Norfolk, and then in 1974 went as a boarder to West Heath, near Sevenoaks, Kent. At school she showed a particular talent for music, as an accomplished artist, and dancing and domestic science. She won the schools award for the giving maximum help to the school and her school- fellows. She got married to Prince Charles at St. Pauls Cathedral in London on July 29th 1981, in a international televised ceremony. Lady Diana had two sons. Prince William Arthur Phillip Louis, and Prince Henry Charles David. In December 1992 it was announced that the Prince and Princess of Whales had agreed to Lady Diana was so involved in the official duties of the royal family. Although Lady Diana was renowned for her style and was closely associated with the fashion world, patronizing and raising the profile of younger British designers, she was best known for her charitable work. During her marriage, the Princess was president in over 100 charities. Lady Diana did much to publicize work on behalf of the homeless and also disabled people, children and people with HIV/Aids. In December 1993, the princess announced that she would be reducing the extent of her public life in order to combine a meaningful public role with a more private life. Lady Diana visited many countries including Germany, U.S.A, Pakistan, Switzerland, Hungary, Egypt, Belgium, France, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nepal so she can help other charities. The Year before he death, Lady Diana was an active campaigner for the ban on the manufacture and use of land mines. In January 1997 she visited Angola as part of h ...

Discuss the sources of irish law and show how they relate to each Essay

Discuss the sources of irish law and show how they relate to each other - Essay Example These shall be discussed. Bunreacht na hEireann 1937 The Irish Constitution is the supreme source of law of Ireland although it is, arguably, not the main source in terms of quantity. The Constitution is the backbone of the Irish legal system consisting of the source of power exercised by the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government. The Irish Supreme Court and High Court are empowered to review all legislation and may strike down laws if they are inconsistent with the Irish constitution (McCutcheon et al 2008, p. 649) All laws passed by the legislature must comply with the provisions of the Constitution. Specifically, the Constitution provides that the Oireachtas must not enact any law which is repugnant to the Constitution or any provisions thereof (Article15.4.1-2) 4.1 The Oireachtas shall not enact any law which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or any provision thereof. 4.2 Every law enacted by the Oireachtas which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof, shall, but to the extent only of such repugnancy, be invalid This means legislation ranks lower than the Constitution. The Constitution provides that the institution which can interpret both the Constitution itself and all the other sources of law are the Courts of law. (Articles 34-37) As the primary source of law as well as having a higher status within the jurisdiction, all other laws must be in conformity with it. Any law that does not comply with the Constitution is invalid. The Constitution regulates the relationship between the organs of government and the citizens and those living in Ireland. (Article 6) The Constitution also guarantees certain fundamental rights and freedoms such as equality before the law, personal liberty, property rights, and freedom of religion and the importance of the family. (Articles 40-44) The Constitution is in both official languages but in the case of incompatibility it is the Irish version which wi ll prevail as it is the first official language. (Articles 8 and 25) Legislation This is law produced through the Oireachtas. This is, arguably, the most important source of law in the modern day Ireland. Firstly, in terms of quantity, the Oireachtas produces far more legal rules than any other source. Secondly, under Article 15 of the Constitution, the Oireachtas has‘sole and exclusive’ law making power. The Irish Constitution assigns to the Oireachtas the sole law making power within the State. (Article 15.2) Every year a large number of pieces of legislation known as statutes are brought into operation as Acts of the Oireachtas. The procedure for the creation of Acts is provided for in the Constitution. Acts of the Oireachtas are known as primary legislation and must follow a particular procedure to be legitimate including going through both houses of the Oireachtas, the Dail and the Seanad. Each piece of legislation must be compatible with the Irish Constitution and the Supreme Court of Ireland may strike down legislation if it is not compliant with the Constitution. Statutes are divided into sections and parts, depending on their length. Article 25 of the Irish Constitution states that all acts must be in both official languages, Irish and English and in the case of contradiction it is the Irish version which will prevail. Each act or statute must be compatible with the Constitution, and may be referred to the Supreme Court by the President to decide

Compare and Contrast Research Methods (case study with other five Essay

Compare and Contrast Research Methods (case study with other five methods ) - Essay Example A case study further aims at understanding characteristics of the studied subject for generalization to a larger population and has been used to develop theories such as developmental theories among children. Its ‘generalizability’ is based on the assumption that an explored case is similar to other cases and gathered information is the same as what would be observed in the other cases (Zucker, 2009; Crowe et al, 2011). Some of the features of case study that distinguishes it from other research methods are its specialization in a unit for study and a comprehensive study of such a unit. The method is also strictly qualitative and focuses on causal effect relationships. It is also largely dependent on a researcher’s rationale as opposed to observed features of the studied elements. Case studies also exist in different types such as snapshot case studies, and longitudinal case studies, a feature that allows for freedom in the research method It offers a number of advantages such as flexibility, ability to infer observations to other cases, and ‘relatability’ in cases where results cannot be inferred. It is similarly able to study small units such as an individual effectively. The case study has however been associated with external validity challenges due to its usual small sample size. Its implementation follows the traditional approach of preliminary considerations, data collect ion, analysis, interpretation, and communication of the interpreted results. Case study can be applied in studying management styles, and their prospects, as used by an institution (Crowe et al, 2011; Roberts, n.d.). Case study was for example used in the research to investigate ICT-enabled government models in European cities (Jrc, 2010). The focus group is another qualitative approach to research in which participants are organized in defined groups to

Barack Obama and his Political Propaganda Essay Example for Free

Barack Obama and his Political Propaganda Essay The process of running for the United States presidency is no easy task. Like in almost any relationship, attraction is the key to provide the foundation for anticipation and expectations. In the beginning, one will always place his best foot forward, and contemplating on addressing issues which would appeal dramatically to other people. Running for the presidency is no less than different with pursuing a girl to have a relationship with you. It all starts with making her pay attention to what you have to say and to what you can offer despite many competitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barack Obama came across the attraction stage with flying colors because he seemed to have captured the attention of most population in the American community, across varying groups and minorities (Martin, 2008, p.1). For one, he appeared to come prepared for what is known as a great battle to get Democratic nomination against Senator Hillary Clinton who is one tough competitor. Obama lacks the experience, and can be said as less popular than Clinton who has established her prominence during the presidency of her husband. However, the appeal in Obama’s candidacy defers the idea that he was only elected as Senator in 2005, and a very young player in the realm of politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper aims to explore the political propaganda used by Obama to ensure his future in the White House. For the purpose of the paper, we shall examine the different types of media used by Obama to gain votes and preferences, the manner by which he delivers his agendas, his target audience and supporters, and how this greatly affects his stance in the race to get the democratic nomination. It is certain that the race between Obama and Clinton’s nomination is very tight, but we shall take the time to assess how Obama’s political propaganda has delivered expected results in his leads on major polls and surveys worldwide as Democrats most preferred candidate. â€Å"Change we can believe in† It is a fact that most Americans are demanding change from future politicians in running the country. Many circumstances and events has led Americans hopeful for change and has been the pivotal driving force behind many political agendas. Obama is no exception. By using the ideology of â€Å"change† as a campaign slogan, he ignites the hope among idealistic men and women around the country to believe in what he regards as change (Obama 2008: Change we Believe In, 2008). Obama has a great advantage in speaking with eloquence and sensitivity, with emotions that has words fulfilled with hope and change, gives many people the self-identity they want to see change in the future administration, or in this case, in a democratic candidate for the presidency. This is a note worthy to be taken beforehand, so as to provide a basis on how we can assess Obama’s political propaganda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even before the decisive voting held on February 5, 2008, there has been a pronounced shift in favor for Obama of Illinois from opinion polls, surveys, campaign contributions and political and media endorsements (Martin, 2008, p.1). Obama, being a new player in the realm of politics used significant intervention from different political representatives to endorse his candidacy. For example, when Senator Edward Kennedy expressed his fervent support for Obama, it has generated significant contribution in uplifting Obama’s candidacy. As many critics saw it, Kennedy’s endorsement has become a signal of the Democratic Party’s consensus on his candidacy. Following this influential event led to many mass media endorsements of the event including newspapers published in California, Los Angeles Times and La Opinion, which the most widely-read Spanish-language daily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After Kennedy’s endorsement, opinion polls showed Obama in strict ties with Senator Clinton for the democratic nomination (Associated Press, 2008). The strategy used governs many political advisers view to gain majority of delegates from key states to secure victory, and Obama did it with just one major political and highly-publicized endorsement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The appeal of Obama’s political propaganda can be deemed into two significant standpoints. First, the on-going deep desire for social and political change is strongly used by the Obama campaign to hub an illusion, and to foster great support from the idealist (martin, 2008, p. 1). This s highlighted by the mass media by emphasizing that this change will come from someone from the African American community, a fundamentally groundbreaking event in American history if and when Obama wins as the first black President. However, Obama is not a clear product of any acts against racial oppression and civil rights struggles. He is a politician groomed to be of appeal to massive voters in the coming elections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama’s political propaganda seeks to disengage and disassociate itself from the struggle of the elite and ruling class in running the country. More so, the critiques on Obama has seemingly less impacts because of a well-organized activities from the media who supports his candidacy and owes their respective professions to corporate bosses and financial institutions which have their own candidate as preferences. Even Obama’s appeal has penetrated the right-wing group with endorsements from Rupert Murdoch for example.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also significant of the character of Obama’s political propaganda is the shift in campaign contributions from major business firms. More money means more capability in a candidate’s political machinery. Obama has been endorsed by different military institutions, then national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Warren Buffett, the second richest man in the United States. Other known mass media executives and corporate executives have also pledged significant amounts for Obama to continue his aspiration on the America presidency. Through continuous efforts from the Obama campaign wagon to instill their dedication towards real change, the Los Angeles Times broke their tradition of not endorsing any candidate with the promotion of Obama’s candidacy in their editorial (Martin, 2008, p.1 ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     As an observation, although generally the political propaganda of Obama is sufficient for him to gather and maintain support, it is also clear with biases to achieve voters support. For one, it sometimes resorts to Ad Hominem or the attack to his primary opposition and her arguments. In many cases, through debates and news reports, Obama responds to what Clinton offers on a negative tone. Although at times he emphasized their differences, he also had made several points of their similarities obvious to other people. By using change as a promotional concept and advocacy of his candidacy, he often appeals to authority which uses an ideal which is popular amongst people and grant their support for the ideology he used. He also often uses the appeal to prejudice on many public conventions and speaking engagements to evoke the sense of emotional value and goodness to benefit his character. Conclusion The Obama campaign has utilized effective marketing campaign strategies which efficiently used their connections and endorsements form media outlets and institutions. For the most part, Obama is following a political propaganda which is embedded to deny political differences and social classes but with emphasis on the economic differences between individuals in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Obama political propaganda strongly used news reports, radio, television and posters. It specifically and strategically used these media to indoctrinate various groups of audiences he wished to communicate with and to. Usually through this media, Obama used a directional method on how people can learn about more of his strategies, goals and principles. Through these methods, he intends to initiate individuals as information seekers, to recipients, to reinforcement and opinion leader in favor of his own. Works Cited: Associated Press (2008). â€Å"Obama comes up short on union support.† Hemscott Group Limited. Retrieved on March 24, 2008, from http://www.hemscott.com/news/latest-news/item.do?newsId=56416543358904 Martin, Patrick (2008). â€Å"US political establishment lines up behind Barack Obama.† International Committee on the Fourth International (ICFI). Retrieved on March 24, 2008, from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/feb2008/obam-f04.shtml Obama for America (2008). â€Å"Obama 2008: Change we Believe In†. The Official Site of Obama’s Campaign. Retrieved on March 24, 2008, from http://www.barackobama.com/

Discuss economic arguments for and against imposing substantially :: Economics

Discuss economic arguments for and against imposing substantially higher taxes on sale of alcohol. Governments interfere in markets and their working with the primary purpose of provision of welfare to people and preventing market failure. There are many methods of intervention such as - taxes and subsidies - buffer stocks - applying maximum and minimum prices - provision of public goods and services - provision of education and training - legislation and market reforms Applying taxes has two purposes: to generate revenue for the government and to discourage consumption and output of certain goods, usually demerit goods. Demerit goods are those goods that are usually over consumed by in a market system, and have social costs exceeding social benefit due to high negative externalities. They contrast merit goods which are desirable for the welfare of society, as positive externalities exceed negative externalities. Taxes out on goods such as alcohol are considered indirect taxes. Depending upon the price elasticity of a good, and its demand and market price, government places either - specific taxes that are of a specific number, e.g. 10 dirhams on every bottle of beer - ad valorem taxes that add a percentage of the market price onto taxes e.g. 5% of price of beer A government must analyze the effects of taxing, or increasing taxation on a good, whether or not the taxation satisfies the goals. The Social costs of alcohol involve the cost of production, cost of purchase and negative externalities such as alcohol poisoning and drunken driving deaths and violence. The social benefits are the profit made by producers, the utility gained by consumers and externalities such as prevention of heart diseases. The imposing of substantially higher taxes on the sale of alcohol may be good in two ways: Firstly, alcohol is regarded as a habit forming good. Hence it may be assumed that either it disobeys the law of demand (quantity demanded of a good is inversely proportional to change in price, all other factors remaining constant), or it is price inelastic (a percentage change in price causes a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded). Although imposition of taxes will increase the market price of alcohol, the change in demand would be substantially lower. Therefore the government would gain revenue, which it may use for provision of welfare. Secondly, alcohol is a demerit good. It has private benefits as an industry, and it provides utility and satisfaction to consumers. Its positive externalities include reducing coronary diseases, and providing amusement to others in social events. However, its negative externalities include addiction, drunken driving accidents and fights which result in property damage, and provide a burden to society. Its positive externality of preventing coronary diseases arises only from

Presentation in History of the English Language Essay

When studying the development of English as a language, it can be argued that early modern English is perhaps the most vital point of reference. This period brings with it a richness in material that provided clues as to how the tongue developed phonetically and geographically from its roots as a secondary, regional language in an arena dominated somewhat by the French language, and largely by Latin. Although the amount of available information isn’t enough to paint a sufficient scenario of the linguistic lay of the land at the time, these materials are a great help in discerning the stages of development of the English language. During the latter age of transition from Middle English, the language was mostly spread about in regions. This period is â€Å". . . notoriously [known] as the time when linguistic variation is fully reflected in the written mode . . . † (Nevalainen 13). Due to the heavy presence of French and Latin as the dominant vernaculars, middle English didn’t have enough room to develop as a real language and was limited to regional variants that were shaped by the grammar rules of the more prominent languages at the time. This was, mostly, due to the lack of standardized spelling – it was difficult to come up with a fixed set of grammar rules if the people didn’t have any idea of how to spell the words to be used in each situation. This changed during the sixteenth century. With the shift to early modern English came the streamlined version of the language, thanks to major standardizations in the way words were spelled throughout various regions. But you can’t ever get rid of local variations in language, and the early form of modern English is no different. Most of the available materials from the period concern themselves mostly with grammar reforms and the instruction of the language. The most curious thing about these documents is that despite dealing with a language that was gaining more and more popularity as a serious vernacular, the method of instruction was still largely conducted in Latin. This proved to be difficult in unifying the language since the two tongues were different from each other both grammatically and in inflection. Alexander Gil wrote Logonomia Anglica in 1619 as an attempt to describe the chief variants of English according to region. These are the general, northern, southern, eastern, western and poetic variants. Interestingly, these are the same regional distinctions of middle English, save for the unifying general vernacular that could be similar to what we call standard English. The weakness in Gil’s study is his partiality to the northern style although this feature gives us an outstanding view of how the morphology of early modern English developed. His renditions of spelling and pronouncing some words are indicative of the Germanic roots of English, including the use of /v/ for /f/ (the example given by Nevalainen is vill for fill). Another method of dialectal segregation was recorded by George Puttenham in The Arte of English Poesie (1589). Here, Puttenham gives us a view of how early middle English was segregated according to social standing, and was focused mostly on improving the aesthetic appeal of the language by identifying the speech of the court and the aristocrats as well-sounding and favorable, as opposed to the speech of a craftsman, or that of the thieves (thieves’ cant). Still, the dominant tongue at the time remained to be Latin, and it was in Latin that the English grammar was taught and written. This was to accommodate foreigners who wished to learn English; these people learned English via the structure of Latin, whereas locals who already practiced English learned Latin through the structure of their mother tongue. The effect of Latin in the grammar manuals during the first part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were apparent – the use of Latin categories, or at least a system derived from Latin, to describe English grammar left out a chunk of what formed the structural core of English, and while the regional dialects flourished, very little attention was given to them and the focus of learning instead went to the General dialect, which would eventually go on to become the basis for the structure of the language today. A lot of the development that transformed the English language occurred at this time. In Pamphlet for Grammar (1586), William Bullokar gives us insight to the transformation of the personal noun ye into modern-day you. He also noted the possible conversion of the suffix –eth ¬ (e. g. loveth) into the more economical –s pronounced with a /z/-like crescendo. The latter, incidentally, is an example of northern dialect curiosities that made it to the general dialect. The continuous development and popularity of English as a language both written and spoken led to the precursors of modern-day newspapers. Newsletters by eminent individuals were handwritten and sent out as manuscript circulations back in 1620 as a means of spreading important information around. A fair example is the Newdigate Newsletters that were addressed to Sir Richard Newdigate of Warwickshire from the Secretary of State’s office. A selection of the newsletters would go as follows: â€Å"The King of Poland desireing a nearer Correspondence with this Crowne then has been formerly and haveing sent Over to desire his Maty to be godfather to his Daughter, his Maty was preparing to send an Envoy ExtraOrdnary thither to stand for him, when the last post brought news ye young Princess was dead. † (21) This selection, in its original form, contains plenty of scripting nuances of the period – such as superscripts for the abbreviations – and resembled, in all intents and purposes, formal letters of the period. In closing, it is worth to note that while the instruction and growth of English as a language during the early modern period isn’t as clear as we’d like it to be, there really is no denying that this period yielded a huge wealth of material to study. Thanks to works like Gil’s Bullokar’s and the missives to sir Newdigate, we can continue to study and piece together the broken pieces of the puzzle of how today’s universal language evolved into what it is. WORKS CITED Nevalainen, Terttu. Introduction to Early Modern English, An. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006. 12-27

The Family Ties in Frankenstein, Metamorphosis and Mother...

Family Ties The idea of using a family based theme in literature has been around for a long time. When an author is writing a novel or even a play, it is very easy to include a strong family dynamic to it. The family is something that nearly every person can relate with in one way or another. This comfort springs forth emotions in the reader or viewer that make the story easier to follow along with. There are many examples of this throughout this course, but this paper will focus on how three of them use the family dynamic to connect with the reader: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, and Brecht’s Mother Courage and her Children. One does not have to read far into Frankenstein to get a feel for this idea. The†¦show more content†¦Right from the beginning of the first chapter, we are given a history of Victor’s childhood and family life. We learn about how Victor’s father, Alphonse, and his mother, Caroline, became to know e ach other and eventually get married. We also learn about another character, Elizabeth, who eventually ends up being adopted into the family. It becomes clear that Shelley started out with this family information in order to draw the reader into the story. Although the entire story is completely lacking of a strong female character, we are still presented with the mother and the adopted sister, in an attempt to try and help the reader of the story connect with Victor and his childhood (Komisaruk). Later on in the story, Victor Frankenstein creates the monster. The monster eventually asks Victor to create a mate for him. He wants the feeling of a female monster to love and share his life with. Again, this is something that the majority of the readers can relate to. Shelley’s wants the reader to have an emotional connection with the monster. At first glance, one would not imagine that they would have anything in common with a homemade creature, but it is proven to be different upon further reading. Nearly everyone wants the felling of having someone to love and have them love you. The monster is no different, so maybe he is not too different from the reader after all? Overall, Shelley uses the family in an attempt to make the reader feel comfortable